This is the current affairs of 10 October 2025. Here are questions and answers of daily current affairs for better preparation of competitive exams for government jobs.
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1. Name the 2025 Nobel Prize winner for Peace?
a. Donald Trump
b. Maria Machado
c. Roger Binny
d. Emmanuel Macron
Answer: b. Maria Machado (Opposition leader in Venezuela) {Reason for the award: For promoting democratic rights and making efforts toward a peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy.}
Trump did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize.
– US President Donald Trump did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize despite requesting it.
– Trump had been pursuing the Nobel Peace Prize for several months, but the Nobel Committee did not select him for the award.
Maria Machado Wins the Nobel Peace Prize
– Venezuelan opposition leader Maria Machado has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
– She has fought tirelessly for 20 years to promote democratic rights in Venezuela and achieve a peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy.
– The Nobel Committee said that at a time when dictatorships are on the rise and democracy is weakening in many parts of the world, the courage of people like Maria Machado offers hope.
The committee stated that democracy is the only prerequisite for lasting peace. When the government suppresses the public through violence and fear, it becomes necessary to honor such courageous individuals.
About Maria Machado
– Worked as an industrial engineer, later entered politics.
– In 2010, she ran for the National Assembly (Parliament) and became a member of parliament. She openly spoke out against dictatorship and corruption.
– In 2014, she was suspended from parliament for criticizing President Nicolas Maduro’s policies.
– Became the main opposition candidate for the 2023-24 Venezuelan presidency. The government banned her candidacy.
– Supported opposition candidate Edmundo Gonzalez during the 2024 elections.
Machado first gained worldwide fame by interrupting Chavez’s speech.
– Machado first gained international attention when she interrupted the speech of then-Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez. This incident occurred on January 14, 2012.
– Hugo Chavez had already delivered a 9-hour, 45-minute speech in parliament when Machado shouted at him, calling him a “thief” and demanding the return of confiscated property.
– In response, Chavez said he would not debate because he was not qualified. This incident became a topic of discussion nationwide and established Machado as a courageous opposition leader.
Machado has received numerous awards.
– In 2025, she received the Nobel Peace Prize for her work in the fight for democracy.
– The 2024 Sakharov Prize: The European Parliament awarded her and Edmundo González this prize for their work in defense of democracy.
– The 2024 Václav Havel Human Rights Prize: The Council of Europe honored her work for human rights.
– The 2025 Courage Award: The Geneva Summit for Human Rights awarded her and González this prize.
– The 2018 BBC Honor: The BBC named her among the 100 most influential women in the world.
The United States accused the Nobel Committee of bias.
– The United States accused the Nobel Committee of bias after President Donald Trump was denied the Nobel.
– A White House spokesperson told Reuters news agency that the Nobel Committee had once again proven that it prioritized politics over peace.
Why didn’t Trump win the Nobel Prize?
– The deadline for nominations for the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize was January 31, 2025.
– Nominations received after this date were not considered.
– The nomination process begins on February 1, and only nominations received by January 31 are considered valid.
– Nominations for the Nobel Prize closed on January 20, 2025, just 11 days after Trump was re-elected president.
– Trump didn’t have much to do in such a short time that would have earned him a Nobel Prize.
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2. For the first time after the Taliban occupation of Afghanistan, the Foreign Minister of that country visited India in October 2025 after permission from the UNSC, what is his name?
a. Hibatullah Akhundzada
b. Hasan Akhund
c. Abdul Hakim Haqqani
d. Amir Khan Muttaqi
Answer: d. Amir Khan Muttaqi
– This is the first time India has officially hosted a leader of the Taliban regime that took power in Kabul in 2021.
– He was warmly welcomed in India on October 9, 2025.
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3. Only after getting exemption from which organ of the United Nations, Taliban-ruled Afghanistan’s Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaki could visit India?
a. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
b. United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
c. United Nations Trusteeship Council
d. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Answer: b. United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
– This is the first time India has officially hosted a leader of the Taliban regime that took power in Kabul in 2021.
– He was given a warm welcome in India on October 9, 2025.
– He was granted an exemption from the travel ban by the UN Security Council Sanctions Committee on September 30, 2025.
– Under this exemption, he was allowed to travel to India (New Delhi) between October 9 and 16, 2025.
– He was also a minister in the previous Taliban government from 1996-2001.
What does getting permission from the UNSC mean?
– He is on the UN Security Council’s “Sanctions List.”
– He is a member of the Taliban organization, and the Taliban organization was listed by the UN Security Council (UNSC) as a terrorist organization under Resolution 1267 of 1999.
– Therefore, key Taliban leaders (including Amir Khan Muttaqi) are subject to travel bans, asset freezes, and arms purchase bans.
– The UN has not personally designated him a “terrorist,” but he is on the sanctions list of individuals considered to be associated with terrorist organizations (such as the Taliban, al-Qaeda, etc.).
The Taliban delegation also visited Deoband on October 11 to visit the Darul Uloom Madrasa, the center of the Taliban group’s ideological roots.
No clarity on recognizing the Taliban
– Muttaqi’s visit marks a public shift in New Delhi’s stance on relations with the Taliban, with the Ministry of External Affairs not responding to questions about whether the government plans to grant full diplomatic recognition to the Taliban government, as only Russia has done so far.
Taiwan’s Tensions with Pakistan
– Amid Muttaqi’s visit, allegations of extremist activities in Pakistan and the massive repatriation of Afghan refugees are in the news.
– In September 2025, Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif issued a stern warning to the Afghan Taliban.
– He said, “Today I want to send a clear message to Afghanistan: choose between Pakistan and the TTP (Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan).”
‘India-Afghanistan Relations and the Changing Regional Balance’
– Muttaqi’s visit to India shows that Afghanistan now wants to move forward towards rebalancing its regional relations.
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4. India announced to re-upgrade its ‘Technical Mission’ located in which neighbouring country to the status of Embassy after 4 years?
a. Pakistan
b. Bangladesh
c. Nepal
d. Afghanistan
Answer: d. Afghanistan
– External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said on October 10, 2025, that India would reconvert its ‘technical mission’ in Kabul into an embassy.
– He made this announcement during his meeting with Amir Khan Muttaqi, Foreign Minister of the Taliban administration in Afghanistan.
– During this, he also expressed India’s concern over the plight of Afghan refugees being pushed into Afghanistan by the Pakistani government and described “cross-border terrorism” as a common challenge for India and Afghanistan.
– He said India is fully committed to Afghanistan’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and independence.
– Our close cooperation contributes to your national development as well as to regional stability and resilience.
– To further strengthen this, I am pleased to announce today the upgradation of India’s Technical Mission in Kabul to the level of an Indian Embassy.
– The granting of embassy status to the ‘technical mission’ is being seen as a step towards informal recognition of the Taliban government.
Six health projects to be launched for Afghanistan
– External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar announced that India is committed to six new projects in Afghanistan’s health sector.
– Details of these projects will be announced soon.
– India announced that it will gift twenty ambulances to Mr. Muttaki, a “symbolic gesture.”
– India will also provide MRI and CT scan machines to Afghan hospitals and deliver vaccinations and cancer medicines.
– Jaishankar said, “We would like to contribute to the reconstruction of housing in the affected areas.”
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5. During the India-UK Defence Deal 2025, India decided to buy which missile for the Army at a cost of £350 million (approximately ₹3,700 crore)?
a. BrahMos
b. Lightweight Multi-Role Missile (LMM)
c. AIM-120 AMRAAM
d. Tomahawk
Answer: b. Lightweight Multi-Role Missile (LMM)
– India-UK defense and other agreements were signed on October 9, 2025, during the visit of United Kingdom Prime Minister Keir Starmer to India.
– These agreements were signed in Mumbai, considered India’s economic capital.
1) India will purchase Light Multi-Role Missiles (LMM). Cost £350 million (approximately ₹3,700 crore).
2) £250 million (approximately ₹2,600 crore) for collaboration on electric power engines for Indian Navy ships.
3) 64 Indian companies pledged £1.3 billion (approximately ₹15,430 crore) in the UK.
4) The British government approved Lancaster and Surrey universities to open campuses in India, which will meet the demand for higher education.
1) Agreement to purchase the Lightweight Multi-Role Missile (LMM)
– Cost: £350 million (approximately Rs. 3,700 crores)
– This is part of Britain’s “Plan for Change” and will lay the foundation for a complex weapons partnership between the two countries.
– The LMM is a short-range precision strike missile designed to engage lightly armored vehicles, wheeled or tracked. It can be launched from helicopters, ships, or land.
– Purpose for India: The Indian Army will receive these missiles, which will help target enemy light weapons and vehicles along the border. They will enhance the military’s capabilities, especially in modern warfare.
– Range: Over 6 kilometers
– Speed: Mach 1.5 (1.5 times the speed of sound).
– Manufactured by: Thales UK, a leading British defense company.
– Manufactured in: Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
– This is a low-cost and easy-to-use missile, already in use by the UK Navy and Army.
– Benefits: This deal will boost the UK’s defense industry and mark the beginning of a major arms partnership between India and the UK. More deals may follow in the future.
– Why Important?: Balances foreign tech transfer with India’s ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ policy. Strengthens the UK’s role in groups like the QUAD.
2) Cooperation Agreement on Electric Power Engines for the Navy
– £250 million (approximately Rs. 2,600 crores)
– These are actually Integrated Electric Propulsion (IEP) systems, which are electric engines for propelling naval ships. They differ from conventional diesel engines in that they generate electricity from gas turbines and then use that electricity to propel the ship.
– Main component: Rolls-Royce MT30 gas turbine (derived from the Trent 800 aero engine).
– Power: Up to 40 MW (megawatts) (very powerful, enough to power large ships). For example, a large generator produces 40 million watts of power – enough to light an entire city, but here it’s used to power a ship’s engines.
– Advantages: Low fuel consumption, low vibration, and high speed (up to 30 knots).
3) Indian firms invest in the UK
– 64 Indian firms will invest a total of £1.3 billion (approximately ₹15,363 crore), spanning from Basingstoke to Birmingham.
– TVS Motor: £250 million (approximately ₹2,954 crore), on Norton Motorcycles expansion and electric vehicles in Solihull.
– Cyient: £100 million (approximately ₹1,182 crore), in semiconductors, geospatial technology, clean energy, etc., creating 300 jobs.
– Muthoot Finance UK: £100 million (approximately ₹1,182 crore), expanding to 20 branches.
– Hero Motors: £100 million (approximately ₹1,182 crore) over the next 5 years, in e-mobility, e-bikes, and aerospace.
Note – Rolls-Royce CEO expressed ambition to make India the company’s “home” (production), although specific figures were not given.
UK
– The four nations that make up the United Kingdom are England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
– Nationalities in Great Britain: England, Scotland, Wales
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6. Who has been appointed as the US ambassador to India?
a. Roger Verma
b. S. Paul Kapoor
c. Sergio Gor
d. Rohan Bopanna
Answer: c. Sergio Gor
– The United States has appointed Sergio Gor as its ambassador to India.
– The US has appointed 38-year-old Gore as the ambassador to India, as well as the special envoy for South and Central Asia.
– India’s Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar met Gore last month when he visited to address the United Nations General Assembly.
– Gore was born in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. His parents migrated to the US when he was 12 years old.
– His mother is said to be of Israeli descent.
What is Trump’s strategy?
– According to the BBC, many experts believe that the manner in which Gore has been appointed will also be a source of concern for India.
– Gore has been given responsibility for South Asia, along with India, at a time when India wants to see itself as completely separate from Pakistan in the eyes of the United States.
– When Jaishankar was asked about Gore’s appointment, he said, “Yes, I have also read about it.”
– This suggests that US officials did not inform India before making Gore’s name public.
Speaking to Moneycontrol, former Foreign Secretary Shyam Saran said, “It’s part of diplomatic practice that when you appoint an ambassador to a country, you first send a proposal confidentially. That country then gives its opinion, and then approval is granted. But here, Trump made a unilateral announcement.”
– On Gore’s additional responsibility for South and Central Asia, Shyam Saran says, “You are sending an ambassador to a crucial country like India who will have additional responsibilities. It seems as if India has been given a part-time ambassador. It would be fragmented diplomacy if you sit in Delhi and talk about both India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh.”
– But some advocates for rekindling India-US ties say it is more important at this time to have an ambassador in New Delhi who has direct access to the president, rather than worrying about his qualifications.
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7. Name the 2025 Nobel Prize winner for Literature?
a. Jon Fosse
b. Han Kang
c. Laszlo Krasznahorkai
d. Annie Arnoux
Answer: c. Laszlo Krasznahorkai
– The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced the Nobel Prize in Literature on Thursday, October 9.
– Why did he receive this award: Laszlo was awarded this prize for his captivating and visionary work.
– Writer Krasznahorkai was born in 1954 in the small town of Gyula, near the Romanian border in southeastern Hungary.
– He came into the limelight with his first novel “Satantango”, published in 1985, which became a literary sensation in Hungary.
– Through his novel “Herscht 07769”, he accurately portrayed the social unrest in the country.
2024 Award
– Last year, the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to South Korean author Han Kang.
– Her writings highlighted the fragility of human life.
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8. Who became the new Prime Minister in Madagascar after a Gen-Z protest led to a change of power?
a. Benjamin Rakotomandimbi
b. Lala Monja Delphin
c. Rupin Fortunat Zafisambo
d. Rindra Hasimbelo
Answer: c. Rupin Fortunat Zafisambo (retired army officer)
Who appointed him?
– Madagascar President Andry Rajoelina appointed military General Rupin Fortunat Zafisambo as the country’s new Prime Minister on October 6, 2025.
– He was the Director of the Military Cabinet in the Prime Minister’s Office until his appointment.
– This appointment came a week after the government was dissolved following protests sparked by power outages and water shortages.
– In September 2025, Gen-G youth in Madagascar staged a coup. Approximately 22 people died during the protests, while many others were injured.
What is driving the Gen-G protests in Madagascar?
– Failure of basic services: Irregular and frequent power and water outages have disrupted daily life. (Even in the short term, this can directly impact public health, education, transportation, etc.)
– Weak planning and management: Inefficiency and resource constraints of institutions such as the National Water and Electricity Company (Jirama) have exacerbated the crisis.
– Youth activism and social sensitivity
Young people have united and raised their voices through social media and networking platforms. Inspiration—protests like the “Gen Z Movement” in Nepal and Kenya—have become a model for youth movements.
– Political discontent, corruption, and poverty: Long-standing economic underdevelopment, lack of social justice, and imbalances in power provide the precursor to this explosive phenomenon.
– Delays or inadequacies in the government response
Initial measures such as the dismissal of some ministers, curfews, etc., were seen, but no concrete systemic changes were achieved.
Madagascar
– President: Andry Rajoelina
– Capital: Antananarivo
– Currency: Malagasy Ariary
– Population: 31.9 million
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9. Name the shortest-serving Prime Minister in French history, who resigned on 9 October after 27 days?
a. Gerald Darmanin
b. Sebastien Lecornu
c. Rachida Dati
d. Bruno Le Maire
Answer: b. Sebastien Lecornu
– Sebastien Lecornu’s resignation has sparked a deep political crisis in France.
– This situation has arisen due to no party having a majority in the French Parliament.
– He was the fifth Prime Minister since President Emmanuel Macron’s re-election in 2022. He was the fourth PM in 13 months.
What is the difference between a Prime Minister and a President in France?
– French President = Face of the nation, head of foreign policy and defense.
– French Prime Minister = Head of the government, accountable to Parliament, head of internal policy and administration.
What is the “Semi-Presidential System” in France?
– In France, the Semi-Presidential System operates, which was established by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic (in effect since 1958). As a result, there are both a President and a Prime Minister, with a clear division of powers between them.
– The President holds the primary executive authority, and the Prime Minister works under the President’s direction.
President of France
– The President is directly elected by the people (for a 5-year term) → meaning the President enjoys the strongest legitimacy.
– The President is the Head of State.
Main Roles:
– Controls Foreign Policy and Defence.
– Supreme Commander of France’s Armed Forces.
– Signs international treaties and represents the country abroad.
– Appoints the Prime Minister (taking into account the majority in the National Assembly).
– Can dissolve the National Assembly (similar to the Lok Sabha in India).
– Holds special powers during a state of emergency.
Prime Minister of France
– The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, but the condition is that the leader of the party or coalition holding the majority in the National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) becomes the Prime Minister.
– The Prime Minister is the Head of Government.
Main Roles:
– Accountable to the Parliament.
– Manages the country’s domestic policies.
– Implements laws and oversees administration.
– Supervises the functioning of government departments and ministries.
– Executes the President’s orders and ensures the implementation of laws.
“Cohabitation” Situation
– If the President and the majority party in the National Assembly belong to different political groups, the President is required to appoint a Prime Minister from the opposition majority.
– This situation is known in French politics as “Cohabitation.”
– In such cases, the President handles foreign policy, while the Prime Minister manages domestic policy.
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10. In which country was a 12,000-year-old pillar with a human face discovered?
a. Turkey
b. India
c. Japan
d. USA
Answer: a. Turkey
– At the Karahantepe archaeological site in southeastern Turkey, a 12,000-year-old T-shaped pillar has been discovered, bearing a carved human face.
– This is the first time that a direct human face has been engraved on a Neolithic-era pillar, adding a significant dimension to our understanding of symbolism and self-expression during that period.
– The site is part of Turkey’s “Taş Tepeler” (Stone Hills) project, which studies the development of settled life and spiritual practices among early human societies.
– Site name: Karahantepe, Şanlıurfa Province, southeastern Turkey.
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11. When is World Mental Health Day observed?
a. October 8
b. October 9
c. October 10
d. October 11
Answer: c. October 10
2025 Theme
– Access to Services – Mental Health in Disasters and Emergencies
What is a mental health problem?
– When a person is unable to think clearly and has no control over their emotions and behavior, such a condition is called a mental illness.
– A mentally ill person cannot easily understand others and has difficulty performing daily tasks properly.
– There are many types of mental illnesses, including stress, depression, irritability, and anger.
Symptoms of stress
– headaches and backaches, trouble sleeping, anger and frustration, inability to concentrate on one thing, crying, ignoring others
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12. Who is the winner of Nobel Prize 2025 in the field of Chemistry?
a. Susumu Kitagawa
b. Richard Robson
c. Omar M. Yaghi
d. All of the above
Answer: d. All of the above [Susumu Kitagawa (Japan), Richard Robson (Australia), and Omar M. Yaghi (United States)]
– The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences of Sweden announced this on October 8, 2025.
– Susumu Kitagawa (Japan)
– Richard Robson (Australia)
– Omar M. Yaghi (United States)
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13. For which research Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson and Omar M. Yaghi were selected for the Nobel Prize 2025 in Chemistry?
a. For the development of metal-organic frameworks
b. Computational protein design
c. For the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots
d. Both a and b
Answer: a. For the development of metal-organic frameworks
The 2025 Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry are:
– Susumu Kitagawa (Japan)
– Richard Robson (Australia)
– Omar M. Yaghi (United States)
Why was the award received?
– Jointly presented for the development of metal-organic frameworks.
– for the development of metal–organic frameworks
Omar Yaghi Created Modern MOFs
– Omar Yaghi is a renowned scientist who moved to the United States and began developing new chemical compounds. He first coined the term MOF, or metal-organic framework, in 1995. In 1999, he developed a unique framework called MOF-5.
– MOF-5 is a material that is extremely strong and has a large amount of empty space inside. In a small amount (a few grams), its internal area can be as large as a football field.
– Later, they created many other types of MOFs (metal-organic frameworks). These are especially useful for storing gases.
– Omar Yaghi and his team did another amazing thing – they discovered a way to extract water from desert air. At night, the MOF (metal-organic framework) absorbs moisture from the air, and in the morning, the same moisture is converted into water by the heat of the sun.
Susumu Kitagawa created stable and flexible MOFs
– In the 1990s, Susumu Kitagawa of Japan began working on MOFs. Initially, the structures he created were fragile, but he didn’t give up.
– In 1997, he created stable MOFs that did not break down even after drying and could be filled with and released gases.
– Kitagawa showed that MOFs could be flexible, like the way lungs inhale and exhale air. Therefore, they are also called “soft materials.”
Richard Robson pioneered MOFs.
– In the 1970s, Richard Robson of Australia focused on the way molecules connect. He theorized that if real molecules were combined in specific ways, new structures could be created.
– In 1989, he combined copper and a specific organic molecule to create a structure with empty spaces inside.
– This was the first metal-organic network idea. It was a bit fragile, but it gave scientists a new direction in how structures could be built from molecules.
Learn why this discovery is special.
– They help extract water from desert air.
– They are used to remove harmful chemicals like PFAS from water.
– They help reduce pollution by capturing CO₂ gas from the air.
– Gases like hydrogen and methane can be safely stored.
– By trapping ethylene gas released from fruits, they can be ripened slowly.
– They are also useful in delivering medicines slowly and accurately to the body.
What is a metal-organic framework (MOF)?
– A metal-organic framework (MOF) is a very lightweight, strong, and hollow material. It is made by combining metal ions (such as copper, zinc) and organic molecules (linkers).
– Its structure is like a sponge – meaning it contains many tiny spaces (pores) that can hold gases or other substances.
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