This is the current affairs of 22 July 2025. Here are questions and answers of daily current affairs for better preparation of competitive exams for government jobs.
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1. Referring to which article of the Constitution, Jagdeep Dhankhar resigned on 21 July 2025?
a. Article 63
b. Article 64
c. Article 65 A)
d. Article 67 (A)
Answer: d. Article 67 (A)
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2. Jagdeep Dhankhar resigned from the post of Vice President on 21 July 2025. Under the provisions of which article of the Constitution is the new Vice President elected?
a. Article 54
b. Article 66
c. Article 71
d. None of these
Answer: b. Article 66
Part 5 of the Constitution (Chapter One)
– Article 63 – There shall be a Vice-President of India.
– Article 64 – The Vice-President shall be the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
– Article 65 – The Vice-President shall act as President or discharge his functions during a casual vacancy in the office of the President or in his absence (until a new President is elected and takes the oath).
– Article 66 – Provides for the procedure of election of the Vice-President.
– Article 67 – Mentions the term of office of the Vice-President, including tenure and resignation.
(According to Article 67(a), the Vice-President may resign from his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President.)
Resignation of Jagdeep Dhankhar
– During the monsoon session of Parliament, Jagdeep Dhankhar resigned from the post of Vice-President on 21 July 2025.
– President Droupadi Murmu accepted his resignation.
– He cited health reasons as the cause for his resignation.
– He is 74 years old.
– His term was supposed to continue till 10 August 2027.
– In his letter to the President, he wrote: “Giving priority to my health and following medical advice, I hereby resign from the post of Vice-President of India with immediate effect.”
When Jagdeep Dhankhar Became Vice-President
– In 2022, Jagdeep Dhankhar took oath as the 14th Vice-President of India.
– In the Vice-Presidential election held on 6 August 2022, Dhankhar defeated opposition candidate Margaret Alva.
Two Theories Behind the Vice-President’s Resignation
First Theory
– In his resignation letter to the President, Dhankhar cited health reasons for stepping down from the post.
Second Theory
– The opposition is raising questions about the resignation, suggesting that there may be another reason behind it.
Congress leader Jairam Ramesh said:
– On 21 July at 12:30 PM, Jagdeep Dhankhar chaired the Business Advisory Committee (BAC) meeting of the Rajya Sabha.
– The meeting was attended by key members including Leader of the House J.P. Nadda and Parliamentary Affairs Minister Kiren Rijiju.
– After a brief discussion, it was decided that the next meeting of the committee would be held at 4:30 PM the same day.
– At 4:30 PM, committee members again gathered under Dhankhar’s chairmanship, but both Nadda and Rijiju were absent.
– Shockingly, Dhankhar was not personally informed that the two ministers would not attend.
– Naturally, he was offended by this and postponed the next BAC meeting to 1 PM the next day.
– This has raised speculation that something serious happened between 1 PM and 4:30 PM on 21 July, which may have led Nadda and Rijiju to deliberately skip the meeting.
Who Will Handle the Vice-President’s Duties Until the Position Is Filled?
– The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament).
– They are responsible for presiding over the proceedings of the Rajya Sabha.
– After Dhankhar’s resignation, until a new Vice-President is elected, the duties of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha will be carried out by the Deputy Chairman.
– The Vice-President’s post will remain vacant until elections are held and a new Vice-President assumes office.
– As per Article 91, when the office of the Vice-President is vacant, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha will act as Chairman.
– Currently, Harivansh Narayan Singh is the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, although his term is also ending later this month.
– This resignation has occurred during the ongoing Monsoon Session of Parliament.
– Dhankhar becomes the first Vice-President to resign in the middle of a session while holding the position of Rajya Sabha Chairman.
Will the Post Remain Vacant?
– According to constitutional law expert P.D.T. Achary,
“In case of resignation, the Election Commission of India (ECI) must conduct elections immediately, as the post cannot be left vacant.”
– The Election Commission of India is required to announce elections without delay to fill the post.
– As soon as the official Gazette Notification declaring the vacancy is issued by the government, the Election Commission is empowered to act.
– The Vice-President holds office for a term of five years from the date he/she assumes charge.
– However, even after the term ends, the Vice-President continues in office until a successor assumes charge.
– In the event of death, removal, or resignation of the Vice-President, the Constitution does not provide any method of succession other than conducting new elections.
– It only states that in such a case, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha shall perform the functions of the Chairman.
Process of Vice-Presidential Election
– Article 63 – There shall be a Vice-President of India.
– Article 66 – Defines the procedure for election of the Vice-President.
– The process is governed by the Constitution of India and related laws such as the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952.
(Note: The election of the President is mentioned in Article 54.)
Eligibility Criteria
– A candidate for the office of Vice-President must:
– Be a citizen of India,
– Be at least 35 years of age,
– Be qualified to be a member of the Rajya Sabha,
– Not hold any office of profit under the Government.
Electoral College
– The Vice-President is elected by a special electoral college, which includes:
– Members of both Houses of Parliament – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
– Both elected and nominated members are eligible to vote
– Members of State Legislative Assemblies do not participate in this election.
Nomination Process
– A candidate must have the support of at least 20 proposers and 20 seconders, all of whom must be Members of Parliament (MPs).
– A security deposit of ₹15,000 must be submitted.
(This deposit can be forfeited if the candidate fails to secure a minimum number of votes.)
Voting System
– As per Article 66(1) of the Indian Constitution, the election of the Vice-President is held through the system of proportional representation.
– The voting is conducted by secret ballot.
– The method used is the Single Transferable Vote (STV) system, which is preference-based voting.
– Each voter ranks candidates in order of preference: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and so on.
Counting Process
– In the first round, only the first-preference votes are counted.
– If any candidate secures the required quota of votes, they are declared elected.
– If no candidate reaches the quota, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are transferred to the next preferred candidate (based on the second preference).
– This process continues until a winner is determined.
Election Administration
– The election is conducted by the Election Commission of India (ECI).
– The notification for the election is issued by the President of India.
Term of Office
– The Vice-President holds office for a term of 5 years.
– However, the incumbent continues to remain in office until the new Vice-President assumes charge.
Oath of Office
– The Vice-President is administered the oath by the President of India.
Dispute Resolution
– Any disputes regarding the Vice-Presidential election are adjudicated solely by the Supreme Court of India.
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3. Indian-origin economist Gita Gopinath announced her resignation from the post of ‘Deputy Managing Director’ of which international organization in July 2025?
a. World bank
b. IMF
c. UNESCO
d. BRICS
Answer: b. IMF
IMF Announcement
– The International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced the development on 21 July 2025.
Why Did Gita Gopinath Resign?
– She stated that she is returning to her academic career.
– In a social media post, Gopinath said she will be rejoining Harvard University as a Professor of Economics.
– She will step down from her position in August 2025.
– She will rejoin the Harvard Economics Department as the First Gregory and Anya Coffey Professor of Economics on 1 September 2025.
Who Is Gita Gopinath?
– Gita Gopinath is an Indian-American economist.
– Since 2022, she has been the First Deputy Managing Director of the IMF.
– Before that, she served as the Chief Economist of the IMF from 2019 to 2022.
– Born in 1971 in Kolkata, India.
– Education: University of Delhi, University of Washington, and Princeton University (PhD in Economics).
What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
– Headquarters: Washington D.C., USA
– The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization of 189 countries.
– It works to ensure financial stability, promote global monetary cooperation, facilitate international trade, encourage sustainable development and high employment, and reduce poverty around the world.
– The IMF formally came into existence on December 27, 1945.
– It is one of the Bretton Woods Institutions.
– The main responsibility of this organization is to provide loans to its member countries that are facing actual or potential balance of payments problems.
– Unlike development banks, the IMF does not lend for specific projects. Instead, it provides funds to stabilize currencies, replenish international reserves, and strengthen conditions conducive to economic growth.
IMF Managing Director – Kristalina Georgieva
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4. Which state has become the first state in the country to have ensured less than 1200 voters at all polling stations?
a. Gujarat
b. Maharashtra
c. Uttar Pradesh
d. Bihar
Answer: d. Bihar
– According to the PIB, this information was received on 21st July.
– To prevent long queues at polling stations, 12,817 new polling stations have been added in Bihar.
Previous Maximum Number of Voters per Polling Station:
– According to the Bihar SIR Order dated 24th June 2025 (Page 2, Point 6/7 and Page 7, Point 2(a)), the earlier maximum limit was 1,500 voters per polling station (PS).
– This has been revised to 1,200 voters per PS.
Total Number of Polling Stations in Bihar:
– After the addition of 12,817 new polling stations, the total number of polling stations in Bihar will increase from the earlier 77,895 to 90,712.
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5. When is World Brain Day observed?
a. 20 July
b. 21 July
c. 22 July
d. 23 July
Answer: c. 22 July
Theme 2025
– Brain Health for All Ages
(This theme underlines the importance of maintaining a healthy brain as a preventive measure against many neurological conditions including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, brain stroke and others)
– This day is organised by the ‘World Federation of Neurology’.
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6. Which country got the hosting of International Chess Federation (FIDE) World Cup 2025?
a. India
b. Azerbaijan
c. UAE
d. Oman
Answer: a. India
FIDE: (Fédération Internationale des Échecs)
– FIDE confirmed on July 21 that India will host the Chess World Cup.
– But the world chess governing body has not yet announced the venue.
– It will be held from October 30 to November 27.
– Players will qualify for the 2026 FIDE from this tournament.
– This tournament will be played in knockout format, in which the player who loses in each round will be eliminated.
– Only 206 players will participate in this competition.
– FIDE Headquarters: Lausanne (Switzerland)
– FIDE President: Arkady Dvorkovich
– Vice President: Vishwanathan Anand
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7. Who became the first Indian woman Grandmaster to reach the semi-finals of the FIDE Women’s World Cup?
a. Vaishali
b. Koneru Humpy
c. Dronavalli Harika
d. Divya Deshmukh
Answer: b. Koneru Humpy
– Indian Grandmaster Koneru Humpy has reached the semifinals of the FIDE Women’s World Cup, currently being held in Batumi, Georgia.
– 20-year-old Koneru defeated China’s Song Yuxin in the quarterfinal match held on July 20, 2025.
– For the first time, four Indian women players have reached the quarterfinals of this tournament.
– Along with Koneru Humpy, Harika Dronavalli, R. Vaishali, and Divya Deshmukh have also secured their spots in the quarterfinals.
– The top three players from the tournament will qualify for the Candidates Tournament later this year, ensuring that at least one Indian woman will be part of it.
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8. The last ship of the anti-submarine warfare built for the Indian Navy was launched on 21 July 2025. What is its name?
a. Veer
b. Khukri
c. Kamorta
d. Ajay
Answer: d. Ajay
– The last ship of the Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Shallow Water Crafts built for the Indian Navy, named ‘Ajay’, has been launched.
– It was launched by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), a public sector company under the defense sector.
– The ship was launched in Kolkata by Priya Deshmukh, wife of Vice Admiral Kiran Deshmukh, the Navy’s Chief of Materiel.
– With the launch of ‘Ajay’, construction of all eight ships under this project has been completed.
– These eight ships have a length of 77.6 meters and a width of 10.5 meters.
– These vessels are fully capable of submarine surveillance in coastal areas.
– They are equipped with lethal weapons such as lightweight torpedoes, ASW rockets, and mines.
– Additionally, they can perform coordinated anti-submarine operations in conjunction with aircraft.
– These ships are capable not only of surveillance but also of engaging enemy vessels on the surface.
– They are also useful for low-intensity maritime operations and laying naval mines.
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9. What was the position of India in the 66th International Mathematical Olympiad 2025?
a. Second
b. Fifth
c. Seventh
d. Eighth
Answer: c. Seventh (three gold, two silver and one bronze medal)
– The 66th International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) 2025 was held in Sunshine Coast, Australia in July 2025.
– India secured 7th place in the competition.
– Teams from 110 countries participated.
– The Indian team achieved a national record score of 193 out of 252 points, winning three gold, two silver, and one bronze medal.
Indian Team:
– Gold: Kanav Talwar, Aarav Gupta, Aditya Mangudi
– Silver: Abel George Mathew, Aadish Jain
Bronze: Archit Manas
– This is only the second time that India has won three gold medals at the IMO (the first was in 1998), and the third time the country has finished in 7th place — previously in 1998 and 2001.
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10. The largest piece (weighing 25 KG) of which planet was sold on Earth for about 5 million dollars?
a. Mars
b. Venus
c. Mercury
d. Moon
Answer: a. Mars
– On July 16, 2025, a fragment from Mars was sold at an auction of rare geological and archaeological objects in New York.
– According to Sotheby’s, the 25-kilogram (54-pound) rock, known as NWA 16788, was discovered in November 2023 in the Sahara Desert of Niger.
– The fragment was found by a meteorite hunter.
– This rock originated from Mars, ejected into space after a massive asteroid impact, and traveled approximately 225 million kilometers before reaching Earth.
– Before the auction, it was estimated to be worth between $2 million and $4 million.
– The identity of the buyer was not immediately disclosed.
How Rare is a Martian Meteorite?
– The meteorite is red, brown, and slate-colored.
– It is the largest known fragment from Mars, approximately 70% larger than the next biggest piece.
– It contains about 7% of all known Martian material found on Earth.
– Size: 15 × 11 × 6 inches (375 × 279 × 152 mm).
– It is extremely rare — out of over 77,000 meteorites found on Earth, only about 400 are confirmed to be from Mars.
– Experts state that this is the largest Martian meteorite ever discovered, more than twice the size of the previously largest known piece.
– Testing suggests it may have arrived on Earth relatively recently.
– Its chemical composition matches the Martian soil samples collected by NASA’s Viking spacecraft in 1976, confirming its origin.
– The rock is a special type known as an olivine-microgabbroic shergottite, formed from slow-cooling magma on Mars.
– Its surface has a glass-like coating, formed by melting during atmospheric entry into Earth.
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