This is the current affairs of 5 to 8 October 2025. Here are questions and answers of daily current affairs for better preparation of competitive exams for government jobs.
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1. Name the winner of Nobel Prize 2025 in the field of Medicine/Physiology?
a. Marie E. Brunkow
b. Fred Ramsdell
c. Shimon Sakaguchi
d. All of the above
Answer: d. All of the above (Marie E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi)
Marie E. Brunkow (USA)
Fred Ramsdell (USA)
Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan)
Physiology:
Medicine:
– On October 6, 2025, Professor Thomas Perlmann, Secretary of the Nobel Assembly, announced the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The Nobel Prize is awarded in six fields –
– Physiology or Medicine
– Physics
– Chemistry
– Literature
– Peace
– Economics
About the Nobel Prize
– This award is given in the name of scientist and inventor Alfred Bernhard Nobel, based on his will.
– The Nobel Prizes were first awarded in 1901.
– Alfred Nobel holds 355 patents, but is best known for his invention of dynamite.
– The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Norway.
– While prizes in all other categories are awarded in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden.
– First Indian to win Nobel Prize – Rabindranath Tagore
Recent Nobel Prize Winners (Physiology/Medicine):
– 2024 Winners: Victor Ambros (USA) and Gary Ruvkun (USA) – for the discovery of microRNA
– 2023 Winners: Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman – for enabling the development of mRNA vaccines, which allowed the rapid creation of the COVID-19 vaccine
– 2022 Winner: Svante Pääbo – for discoveries related to the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution
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2. For which achievement (research) in the field of medicine, Mary E. Brunko, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi were selected for the Nobel Prize 2025?
a. For their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance
b. For the discovery of mRNA
c. For the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation
d. All of the above
Answer: a. For their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance
How to understand it –
– In simple terms, peripheral immune tolerance is the process by which our immune system recognizes the body’s own tissues and does not attack them.
– It protects the body from harming itself.
– A better understanding of this process can help in improving cancer treatments and increasing the success of organ transplants.
– The Nobel Committee stated that these scientific discoveries have given a new direction to medical science.
In detail –
– The three scientists received this award for their discoveries related to peripheral immune tolerance.
– They identified the defenders of the immune system, called Regulatory T cells (Tregs), laying the foundation for a new field of research.
– These discoveries have led to the development of potential therapeutic treatments, which are now being tested in clinical trials.
– It is hoped that these findings will make it possible to treat or cure autoimmune diseases, provide more effective cancer therapies, and prevent severe complications after stem cell transplantation.
When and how was the discovery made?
– Shimon Sakaguchi conducted the first significant research in 1995.
– At that time, scientists believed that immune tolerance developed only through a process called central tolerance.
– Sakaguchi discovered a previously unknown class of immune cells that protect the body from autoimmune diseases.
– Marie Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell made another important discovery in 2001. They found that a particular strain of mice was highly prone to autoimmune diseases because of a mutation in a gene, which they named Foxp3.
– They also demonstrated that in humans, a mutation in the equivalent gene causes a severe autoimmune disease called IPEX (Immune dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked syndrome).
– Two years later, Sakaguchi connected these discoveries and proved that the Foxp3 gene controls the development of the cells he had discovered in 1995.
– These cells, now known as Regulatory T cells (Tregs), monitor other immune cells and ensure that our immune system accepts our own tissues and does not attack them.
Prize Money
– The three scientists will be awarded on December 10 in Stockholm with a prize of ₹10.3 crore, along with a gold medal and a certificate.
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3. Name the winner of Nobel Prize 2025 in the field of physics?
a. Victor Ambros, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Gary Ruvkun
b. John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis
c. Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman
d. Only Geoffrey E. Hinton
Answer: b. John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis
– The announcement of this award was made on 7 October 2025.
– John Clarke (United Kingdom)
– Michel H. Devoret (France)
– John M. Martinis (USA)
– These three scientists collaborated and designed experiments that allowed a deeper understanding of how the quantum world works.
– This is a field where, at the ultra-microscopic level, objects, when divided into individual fundamental particles, stop behaving according to ordinary expectations.
Note: The three scientists will equally share a prize of 11 million Swedish Kronor, which is approximately ₹1 crore.
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4. For which achievement (research) in the field of physics, John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis were selected for the Nobel Prize 2025?
a. For the technique to observe electron motion in attoseconds
b. For using statistical physics concepts in the development of artificial neural networks
c. For the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling and energy quantization in electric circuits
d. For understanding climate models and complex systems
Answer: c. For the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling and energy quantization in electric circuits
Why this award was given
– This award was given for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling and energy quantization in electric circuits.
– Quantum tunneling is the process in which a particle passes through a barrier instead of going over it, which is impossible according to classical physics.
– In everyday life, we see a ball bounce back when it hits a wall, but in the quantum world, tiny particles sometimes pass through the wall to the other side. This is called quantum tunneling.
– Energy quantization means that the energy of a system is not continuous, but exists in discrete levels. This is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics. At the macroscopic level, this effect has been observed in superconducting circuits, where energy levels—such as magnetic flux or current—can only take specific values.
– This phenomenon has been clearly demonstrated in devices like Josephson Junctions and SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices).
The scientists conducted their experiments at University of California:
– In 1984 and 1985, John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis performed a special experiment at the University of California.
– They created an electric circuit using two superconductors (materials that can conduct electricity without resistance).
– Between the two superconductors, there was a thin layer that normally blocks electric current. Yet, they observed that all the charged particles in the circuit behaved collectively as if they were a single particle.
100-year-old Quantum Mechanics still amazes
– Ole Eriksson, Chair of the Nobel Committee, said that quantum mechanics is almost a hundred years old, yet new discoveries related to it continue to amaze us. This discovery is not only fascinating but also highly practical. Computers, smartphones, and the Internet have all become possible because of quantum science.
– The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences explained that the tiny transistors (switches) in computer chips are a very good example of quantum technology.
– The discoveries of this year’s Nobel Prize-winning scientists could make it easier to develop many new technologies in the future, such as:
– Super secure codes (Quantum Cryptography)
– Ultra-fast computers (Quantum Computers)
– Precision measuring devices (Quantum Sensors)
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5 . In how many phases did the Election Commission announce the Bihar Assembly elections 2025?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
Answer: b. Two
When will the Bihar Elections 2025 take place?
– First Phase: November 6 (121 seats)
– Second Phase: November 11 (122 seats)
– Total Seats: 243
– Results: Will be declared on November 14.
– Voting will be held in two phases in Bihar after 40 years.
– Elections were held in two phases in 1985.
– In this election, Congress won 196 seats, and BJP got 16 seats.
– During the 1985 elections, 69 people were killed in violence.
Note: Till now, elections have been held in two phases a total of 4 times, and the highest number of elections were held in two phases in the year 2010 – 6 times.
How many elections have taken place in Bihar so far?
– Bihar Legislative Assembly elections started in 1952.
– From 1952 to 2020, 17 elections were held.
– In 2025, the 18th election will take place.
Phase-1 Nomination Process
– Start: 10 October
– End: 17 October
– Scrutiny: 18 October
– Withdrawal of names: 20 October
Phase 2 Nomination Process
– Starts: October 13
– Ends: October 20
– Scrutiny: October 21
– Withdrawal: October 23
How many districts are covered in the first phase?
1. Gopalganj
2. Siwan
3. Saran
4. Vaishali
5. Samastipur
6. Muzaffarpur
7. Darbhanga
8. Saharsa
9. Madhepura
10. Khagaria
11. Munger
12. Begusarai
13. Lakhisarai
14. Sheikhpura
15. Nalanda
16. Patna
17. Bhojpur
18. Buxar
How many districts are included in the second phase?
1. West Champaran
2. East Champaran
3. Sheohar
4. Sitamarhi
5. Supaul
6. Madhubani
7. Araria
8. Kishanganj
9. Purnia
10. Katihar
11. Bhagalpur
12. Banka
13. Jamui
14. Nawada
15. Gaya
16. Jehanabad
17. Arwal
18. Aurangabad
19. Rohtas
20. Kaimur
How many voters and how many polling stations
– Total: 90,712 polling stations
– Which will have: Over 7.42 crore voters.
– Men: 3.92 crore
– Women: 3.5 crore
– Over 100 years of age: 14,000 voters
– First-time voters: 1.4 million
– Police will patrol approximately 450 polling stations using horses and boats.
Current situation in Bihar Legislative Assembly
– Total seats: 243
– To form government, any single party or alliance needs 122 seats.
– In Bihar, the NDA government is formed by the JDU and BJP alliance.
– Here, BJP has 80 MLAs, JDU has 45 MLAs.
– RJD has 77 MLAs and Congress has 19 MLAs.
Which document did the Supreme Court declare valid in Bihar during the Election Commission’s SIR (Special Intensive Revision) in addition to the 11 documents for voters?
Answer: Aadhaar Card
– On 22 August 2025, the Supreme Court clarified that during the SIR process for the voter list, voters’ submission of any of the 11 documents or Aadhaar must be accepted.
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6. When is World Cerebral Palsy Day observed?
a. 6 October
b. 7 October
c. 5 October
d. 4 October
Answer: a. 6 October
– Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to walk, maintain balance, and control posture.
– It occurs due to abnormal brain development or damage before, during, or shortly after birth. CP is the most common motor disability in children.
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7. Which medal did Mirabai Chanu win in the 48 KG category at the World Weightlifting Championships 2025 in Førde, Norway?
a. Gold
b. Silver
c. Bronze
d. All of the above
Answer: b. Silver
– Despite a right thumb injury, she won the silver medal.
– Mirabai Chanu lifted a total of 199 kg (84 kg Snatch + 115 kg Clean & Jerk) to claim this medal.
Note: North Korea’s Ri Song-gum won the gold medal by lifting a total of 213 kg.
Mirabai Chanu’s three medals (World Championships):
– 2017: Gold
– 2022: Silver
– 2025: Silver
Gold won in August 2025
Mirabai Chanu won the gold medal in the 48 kg category at the Commonwealth Championship held in August 2025 by lifting a total of 193 kg (84 kg Snatch + 109 kg Clean & Jerk).
About Mirabai Chanu:
– Born in Manipur, Mirabai Chanu started learning the art of weightlifting in her childhood while collecting firewood.
– In 2020, she won the silver medal in weightlifting at the Tokyo Olympics, becoming the first Indian woman to achieve this feat.
– Later, in 2022, she won the gold medal in weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games held in Birmingham, England.
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8. Which country received the ISSA Award 2025 for expanding social security?
a. Brazil
b. Iceland
c. China
d. India
Answer: d. India
– India received this award during the World Social Security Forum (WSSF 2025) held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, organized by the International Social Security Association (ISSA) from 29 September to 3 October 2025.
– The President of ISSA is Dr. Mohammad Azman.
– Indian Labour and Employment Minister Mansukh Mandaviya received the award on behalf of India.
– During the ISSA World Social Security Forum, India signed agreements with several countries.
Social Security Coverage:
– According to The Hindu newspaper, India increased its social security coverage from 19% in 2015 to 64.3% in 2025.
– In the ISSA General Assembly, India’s share reached 30 votes, which is the highest vote share for any country.
Beneficiaries of Indian Government Policies:
– Mansukh Mandaviya stated that the central government’s policies have benefited around 940 million people (94 crore).
– He also emphasized that the “Global South” should play a leading role in preparing ideal definitions of gig and platform workers for the global community.
For which achievement the award was given:
– India received the 2025 ISSA Award for Excellence in Social Security for its unprecedented efforts in expanding social security.
– This success is the result of initiatives aimed at providing social security to all workers in the country, whether they are formal or informal.
Number of workers in the informal sector:
– Out of approximately 550 million (55 crore) workers in India, around 90% work in the informal sector. To address the gap in social security, India has taken significant steps.
– In August 2021, the Ministry of Labour & Employment launched the e-Shram portal, aiming to register informal sector workers across the country and provide them with assistance.
Around 300 million workers benefited from nearly 20 schemes
– This is a one-stop digital platform providing access to various government services for workers aged 16–59, including pension schemes, health benefits, employment services, and skill development.
– Over 30 crore workers have been registered on this platform, enabling them to benefit from more than 20 social security and employment schemes.
Award and Previous Winners
– The ISSA Award for Excellence in Social Security recognizes a country’s exceptional commitment and achievements in the field of social security globally.
– India has joined the distinguished group of previous ISSA award recipients, including:
– Iceland (2022): For social security measures promoting gender equality
– Rwanda (2019): For its universal health insurance program
– China (2016): For achievements in expanding coverage
– Brazil (2013): For innovative non-contributory schemes, especially Bolsa Familia
International Social Security Association (ISSA)
– ISSA is the world’s leading international organization for social security institutions, government departments, and agencies.
– ISSA was established in 1927 under the auspices of the International Labour Organization (ILO), and today over 320 institutions from more than 160 countries are its members.
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9. In which district did Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurate a museum dedicated to renowned painter A. Ramachandran in October 2025?
a. Wayanad
b. Kozhikode
c. Kollam
d. Malappuram
Answer: c. Kollam
– Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurated a museum dedicated to painter A. Ramachandran at the Sree Narayana Guru Cultural Complex in Kollam on October 5, 2025.
– During the inauguration, A. Ramachandran’s family was also honored.
What did the CM say?
– Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan said that his works are a link connecting contemporary Indian painting to its traditional past and future.
– He further stated that Ramachandran’s works, which focus on social change, are valuable far beyond their market value.
– This gallery will serve as a place where people seeking art-related information and students can come and conduct research.
What will the museum be like?
– The museum will display the artist’s entire body of work.
– Along with his paintings, the exhibition will also include his famous sculptures, ceramics, postage stamp designs, and children’s books.
– According to The Hindu newspaper, Cultural Affairs Minister Saji Cherian stated that the government is working to improve the cultural sector. As part of this initiative, cultural centers and training institutes are being established in all 14 districts of the state.
Kerala
– Capital: Thiruvananthapuram
– Governor: Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
– Chief Minister: Pinarayi Vijayan
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10. When is World Habitat Day celebrated?
a. First Saturday of October (1 October 2025)
b. First Sunday of October (6 October 2025)
c. First Monday of October (7 October 2025)
d. First Tuesday of October (8 October 2025)
Answer: a. First Saturday of October (1 October 2025)
– The United Nations General Assembly declared this day in December 1985, and it was first celebrated worldwide in 1986.
– The purpose of this day is to remind the world that everyone has the power and responsibility to shape the future of towns and cities.
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11. On which island of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands did a mud volcano erupt in October 2025 after 20 years?
a. Shaheed Dweep
b. Swaraj Dweep
c. Car Nicobar
d. Baratang Dweep
Answer: d. Baratang Dweep
Mud Volcano meaning: Volcano made of mud.
– On Baratang Island, a mud volcano erupted on 2 October 2025 after two decades (20 years).
– The ejected mud rose at least 10–15 meters into the air.
– For one to two days, small explosions occurred along with light rumbling sounds.
– A mud volcano is generally a natural phenomenon that occurs when a mixture of mud, water, and gas forms underground and emerges on the surface.
Volcano from 20 years ago
– An official said that the last major mud volcano eruption in Baratang occurred in 2003.
– It ejected mud, salty water, gas, rock particles, and hydrocarbons.
– It created a crater about 100 meters in diameter.
How many mud volcanoes are there in the Andaman Islands?
– According to the Hindustan Times, there are at least 11 mud volcanoes in the Andaman Islands.
– Eight in the Middle Andaman Islands.
– Three in the North Andaman Islands.
Features of Baratang Island
– The mud volcano on Baratang Island is a geo-heritage site. Baratang Island is about 100 kilometers from Port Blair.
– The mangrove forests, limestone caves, and beautiful beaches here make this a popular tourist destination.
– During the tourist season, approximately 400 to 500 people visit here every day.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
– Capital: Port Blair
– Lieutenant Governor: Admiral DK Joshi
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12. Which Indian Coast Guard Ship was formally commissioned in October 2025 at Karaikal, Puducherry?
a. ICGS Achal
b. ICGS Akshar
c. ICGS Adamya
d. ICGS Akshay
Answer: b. ICGS Akshar (Adamya-class ship)
– Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) Akshar was formally commissioned on October 4, 2025, at Karaikal, Puducherry.
About ICGS Akshar
– It is the second ship in the series of eight Indomitable-class fast patrol vessels (FPVs).
– Builder: Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL)
– Length: 51 meters
– Displacement: 320 tons
– Engines: Two (3,000 kW diesel engines)
– Speed: 27 knots
– Operational range: Up to 1,500 nautical miles
– Its weapon system includes a 30 mm CRN-91 cannon and two 12.7 mm stabilized remote-controlled guns (SRCG).
– Use: Maritime security, surveillance, anti-smuggling, search and rescue operations.
– It is built with over 60% indigenous equipment.
Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
– Established: 1978
– Headquarters: New Delhi, India
– Director General: Paramesh Shivmani
– Primary Function: Protection of maritime boundaries
– Motto: “Vayam Rakshamah” (We Protect)
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13. Naval Exercise ‘Konkan 2025’ was conducted between the Navy of India and which country?
a. France
b. United Kingdom
c. Germany
d. USA
Answer: b. United Kingdom
– “Konkan 2025” is a biennial naval exercise.
– The four-day maritime exercise between the United Kingdom and the Indian Navy took place in the Western Indian Ocean.
– Objective: To enhance the joint maritime and air capabilities of both navies.
– This edition is the first exercise to include the CSGs (Carrier Strike Groups) of both countries — UK’s HMS Prince of Wales and India’s INS Vikrant.
– The exercise was first conducted in 2004.
Indian Navy Chief – Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi
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14. Which state banned Coldricks cough syrup after 14 children died in Madhya Pradesh after consuming the cough syrup?
a. Haryana
b. Uttar Pradesh
c. Bihar
d. Jharkhand
Answer: b. Uttar Pradesh
– On 5 October 2025, the Uttar Pradesh government banned ColdRif Cough Syrup manufactured by Shree San Pharmaceuticals.
– The State Deputy Drug Controller has instructed all drug inspectors to collect samples of this cough syrup from government and private institutions across UP.
– The samples will be tested at a laboratory located in Lucknow.
Note: In Madhya Pradesh, 14 children died due to kidney failure caused by consuming this cough syrup.
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15. When is Ganga River Dolphin Day celebrated?
a. 7 October
b. 6 October
c. 5 October
d. 4 October
Answer: c. 5 October
– In India, this day is celebrated on October 5th to raise awareness for the conservation of the Ganges River Dolphin.
– The endangered dolphin, one of the rarest creatures in the world, was declared the National Aquatic Animal by the Government of India in 2010.
– This allowed for better conservation of the dolphin.
– Then, in 2012, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the Uttar Pradesh government jointly launched a dolphin conservation campaign in the country.
– A major characteristic of the dolphin is that it emits a vibrating sound that bounces back to the dolphin after striking any object. This helps the dolphin know how big and close the prey is.
Country’s first Dolphin Research Centre in Patna
– India’s first National Dolphin Research Centre (NDRC) is scheduled to open in Patna in March 2024.
– The centre is located on the banks of the Ganges River on the Patna University campus.
– Hunting of Ganges dolphins is prohibited under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
– According to a census conducted by the Bihar government, there were 1,048 dolphins in the Ganges in 2018.
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16. When is World Teachers Day celebrated?
a. 6 October
b. 7 October
c. 5 October
d. 4 October
Answer: c. 5 October
2025 Theme:
– Recasting teaching as a collaborative profession
– This day is proclaimed by UNESCO and the International Labour Organization (ILO).
– World Teachers’ Day is celebrated on October 5th. However, it is celebrated on different dates at the country level.
– For example, in India, it is celebrated on September 5th, the birth anniversary of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.
– In Singapore, the first Friday of September is celebrated as Teachers’ Day.
– In China, it is celebrated on September 10th.
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