This is the current affairs of 30 to31 October 2025. Here are questions and answers of daily current affairs for better preparation of competitive exams for government jobs.
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1. Draupadi Murmu flew which two different fighter aircraft during her tenure, making her the first President to do so?
a. Rafale and Sukhoi 30 MKI
b. Mirage 2000 and Rafale Marine
c. Sukhoi 30 MKI and MiG 29
d. Rafale and Tejas
Answer: a. Rafale and Sukhoi 30 MKI
– President Draupadi Murmu flew a Rafale fighter aircraft from the Air Force Station in Ambala on October 29, 2025.
– She had previously flown a Sukhoi 30 MKI from Tezpur, Assam in April 2023.
– With this, Ms. Murmu created history by becoming the first President of India to fly two different fighter aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF).
Role of Commander-in-Chief
– The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces.
– During the Rafale flight, President Murmu was wearing a G-suit and sunglasses.
– She was seen posing for photographs and giving a thumbs-up sign.
– She was aboard the two-seater Rafale, flown by Group Captain Amit Gehani, Commanding Officer of 17 Squadron.
– The flight lasted approximately 30 minutes and covered a distance of approximately 200 kilometers.
– According to a statement from the President’s Office, the aircraft reached an altitude of approximately 15,000 feet above sea level and a speed of approximately 700 kilometers per hour.
– Before the flight, President Murmu was photographed with Squadron Leader Shivangi Singh, the country’s first female Rafale fighter pilot.
Presidents have flown fighter jets before.
– Then-President APJ Abdul Kalam flew a Sukhoi 30 MKI on June 8, 2006.
– Pratibha Patil also flew a Sukhoi 30 MKI on November 25, 2009.
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2. Which country has the world’s oldest president (Paul Biya), who won re-election at the age of 92?
a. Gabon
b. Chad
c. Cameroon
d. Nigeria
Answer: c. Cameroon
– Cameroon’s Constitutional Council declared him the winner of the presidential election on October 27, 2025.
– 92-year-old Paul Biya is one of the country’s oldest and longest-serving leaders.
– He has been president since 1982 (for 43 years) and is now seeking his eighth term.
– His new term will now be 7 years, and he will remain in power until he is 99 years old.
– He received 53.66% of the vote in the election, while his main rival, Issa Tchiroma Bakary, received only 35.19%.
Cameroon
– Cameroon is officially located in the central-western region of Africa.
– Capital: Yaoundé
– Prime Minister: Joseph Ngute
– President: Paul Biya
– Currency: Central African CFA franc
– Population: Approximately 30 million
– Neighboring countries: Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo
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3. Which company became the first in the world to achieve a market capitalization of five trillion dollars?
a. Microsoft
b. Apple
c. Nvidia
d. Alphabet (Google)
Answer: c. Nvidia
– American chip manufacturer Nvidia has become the first company in the world to achieve a market capitalization of $5 trillion.
– Just three months ago, it also achieved the milestone of becoming the first company to reach $4 trillion.
– The surge in Nvidia’s market valuation is believed to be due to the growing demand for AI worldwide.
– Nvidia’s chips play a key role in the development of AI.
– Due to the tremendous surge in the company’s shares, its market capitalization crossed $5 trillion.
Company, Market Capitalization ($), Market Capitalization (₹)
Nvidia, $5.73 trillion, ₹453 lakh crore
Microsoft, $4.03 trillion, ₹356 lakh crore
Apple, $4.02 trillion, ₹355 lakh crore
Alphabet (Google), $3.25 trillion, ₹287 lakh crore
Amazon, $2.45 trillion, ₹206 lakh crore
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4. From which port in Iran did the US announce a six-month exemption from sanctions to India in October 2025?
a. Isfahan Port
b. Rajouri Port
c. Persian Port
d. Chabahar Port
Answer: d. Chabahar Port
– India operates the Shahid Beheshti Terminal at Chabahar Port.
– The Indian Ministry of External Affairs said on October 30, 2025, that India has received a six-month exemption from US sanctions on Iran’s Chabahar Port.
– Earlier, the US Trump administration had withdrawn the sanctions exemption on Chabahar Port in September as part of its move to exert “maximum pressure on Iran.”
– The latest decision by the US government provides some relief to India, which signed a 10-year lease agreement with Iran in May 2024.
– India plans to develop the Shahid Beheshti Terminal at Chabahar Port as an alternative trade route, bypassing Pakistan for shipping goods to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
US Decision on Chabahar Port and Impact on India
– Chabahar Port is a strategically important port located on the Iranian coast.
– It provides India with access to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan.
– It was built by India, and Iran has operated its largest part, Shahid Beheshti Port, for 10 years.
– India has invested approximately $500 million in the port.
Why did the US impose sanctions?
– The US made this decision under its “maximum pressure policy against Iran’s nuclear, ballistic missile, and military programs.”
– Under this policy, the US has attempted to limit any economic cooperation with Iran.
– Specifically, under the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act (IFCA), cooperation that could assist Iran’s military or nuclear programs is prohibited.
– India’s participation in the development of Chabahar Port is under scrutiny under this act, from which the US had decided to end its exemption, but has since re-extended it a month later.
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5. When is the United Nations Day celebrated?
a. October 25
b. October 24
c. October 23
d. October 22
Answer: b. 24 October
– United Nations Day is celebrated every year on 24 October to mark the anniversary of the entry into force of the UN Charter.
– The day has been celebrated since 1948 and in 1971 the United Nations General Assembly recommended its observance as a public holiday by Member States.
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6. When is World Thrift Day celebrated?
a. October 20
b. October 24
c. October 29
d. October 30
Answer: d. 30 October
– This day is celebrated to promote the importance of savings.
– Saving money is very important in today’s world.
– Budgeting is a necessity for every saver who contributes to economic development.
– This day was established in 1925 by the World Society of Savings Banks.
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7. Which country hosted the Asia-Pacific Accident Investigation Group (APAC-AIG) meeting in October 2025?
a. Maldives
b. Nepal
c. Taiwan
d. India
Answer: d. India
What is APAC-AIG?
– The Asia-Pacific Accident Investigation Group (APAC-AIG) is a regional cooperation organization established to enhance coordination and cooperation in the investigation of aircraft accidents and incidents among countries in the Asia and Pacific region.
APAC-AIG Meeting
– The meeting was held in New Delhi, India, from October 28 to 31, 2025.
– The event was inaugurated by Civil Aviation Minister K. Rammohan Naidu on October 28, 2025.
– The meeting was organized by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) on behalf of the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
– Approximately 90 aircraft accident investigators participate in the Asia-Pacific Accident Investigation Group (APAC-AIG).
– Representatives from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) member countries in the Asia-Pacific region, along with various international organizations, participate in this meeting, held annually.
How many aircraft accidents are being investigated?
– Currently, the AAIB is investigating approximately 25 aircraft accidents, including the fatal Air India plane crash on June 12, 2025, which killed 260 people.
– The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) is responsible for classifying safety incidents involving aircraft operating in Indian airspace into accidents, serious incidents, and non-serious incidents.
Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau, India (AAIB, India)
– The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau, India (AAIB, India) is an attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. The AAIB is mandated to fulfil the obligations of the State under Annex 13 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944, as amended from time to time.
– Established in 2012.
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8. Who was elected the 10th President of Ireland?
a. Michael Martin
b. Simon Harris
c. Catherine Connolly
d. Michael D. Higgins
Answer: c. Catherine Connolly
– Connolly was officially declared the winner after the vote on October 25, 2025.
– She defeated her right-wing rival, securing 63 percent of the vote.
– She was elected the 10th President of the Republic of Ireland, defeating Fine Gael’s Heather Humphreys.
– She will succeed Michael D. Higgins, who has been President since 2011.
– In her speech, she said, “I will be an inclusive President for all.”
– She received support from several left-wing parties, including Sinn Féin, the Labour Party, and the Social Democrats.
Leftist Independent Candidates Meaning
– Leftist parties are those that follow socialist and public welfare policies and operate independently in politics.
– Objective: “Equal development for all, no exploitation of anyone.”
About Catherine Connolly
– Catherine Connolly, 68, is a former clinical psychologist and barrister.
– She was first elected to Parliament in 2016.
– There she served as Deputy Speaker of Ireland’s lower house.
Ireland
– Capital: Dublin
– President: Catherine Connolly
– Prime Minister: Michael Martin
– Currency: Euro
– Neighboring Country: United Kingdom
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9. In which country did 72 countries sign the first historic United Nations treaty to combat cyber crime at a conference?
a. Vietnam
b. China
c. Cambodia
d. Laos
Answer: a. Vietnam
– In October 2025, at a signing ceremony or conference held in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, 72 countries signed the United Nations Convention to Combat Cybercrime.
– Its purpose is to combat cybercrime.
The treaty was signed after five years of negotiations.
– After years of extensive negotiations led by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the final draft of the treaty was adopted by Member States at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in December 2024.
– and established the first universal framework for investigating and punishing online crimes in response to crime.
– ranging from ransomware and financial fraud to the sharing of intimate images without consent.
Criticism of the Treaty – According to the Indian Express, several technology companies and digital rights activists have criticized the treaty, worrying that it will criminalize legitimate online activity and increase the likelihood of human rights abuses.
Who is legally bound by the treaty?
– According to the United Nations, a country is legally bound by a treaty only if it signs it and ratifies the agreement after the signing process.
– According to the Indian Express, it is unclear whether India is among the 72 member countries that signed the cybercrime treaty in Hanoi on October 25.
– However, the signing process is expected to remain open until next year.
The treaty has also faced criticism – many technology companies and digital rights activists have criticized the treaty, worrying that it will criminalize legitimate online activity and increase the likelihood of human rights abuses.
No country will be left alone in the face of cybercrime.
– United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said that a new global agreement has been developed to combat cybercrime.
– This agreement is legally binding, meaning all countries will abide by and implement it.
– This means that no country will be left alone and unprotected against cybercrime.
– All countries will work together to help each other and ensure security against cybercrime, whether they are large or small, developed or developing.
Cybercrime in India
– Cybercrime is steadily increasing in India, according to the Indian Express.
– The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) released data in September 2025, showing that the number of cybercrime cases increased from 65,893 (2022) to 86,420 in 2023, an increase of approximately 31 percent.
– The highest number of cases are related to fraud, extortion, and sexual exploitation.
– Karnataka has the highest number of cases (21,889) among states.
Vietnam
– A country located in Southeast Asia.
– Capital: Hanoi
– Prime Minister: Pham Minh Chinh
– Currency: Dong
– Population: Approximately 11 million
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10. Who has been appointed by the President as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI)?
a. Justice Vikram Nath
b. Justice M.M. Sundresh
c. Justice Dipankar Datta
d. Justice Surya Kant
Answer: d. Justice Surya Kant
– President Draupadi Murmu appointed Justice Surya Kant as the 53rd Chief Justice of India with effect from October 30, 2025.
– He will assume office on November 24 and will serve for approximately 16 months, i.e., until February 9, 2027.
– The notification regarding Justice Surya Kant’s appointment was issued by the Department of Justice, Union Law Ministry.
– Justice Surya Kant will replace Justice B.R. Gavai, who is retiring on November 23.
About Justice Surya Kant
– Born on February 10, 1962, in Petwad village, Hisar district, Haryana, Justice Surya Kant earned a law degree from Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, in 1984. He then began his practice at the Hisar District Court the same year.
List of Chief Justices (CJIs)
– 53rd: Justice Surya Kant
– 52nd: Justice BR Gavai
– 51st: Justice Sanjiv Khanna
– 50th: Justice DY Chandrachud
– 49th: Justice UU Lalit
– 48th: Justice N Venkat Ramana
Constitutional Basis:
– Article 124(1): Article 124(1) of the Constitution of India provides for the establishment of the Supreme Court of India and the appointment of the Chief Justice and other Judges therein.
Appointment of the Chief Justice:
– The President appoints the Chief Justice of India.
– Traditionally, the most senior judge of the Supreme Court is appointed CJI based on seniority.
– The appointment process is conducted under the collegium system, which consists of the CJI himself and the four senior-most judges.
Qualifications:
The qualifications for becoming the Chief Justice are the same as for a Supreme Court judge:
– Must be a citizen of India.
– Must have served as a judge of a High Court for at least 5 years, or
– Must have been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years, or
– Must be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.
Tenure:
– There is no fixed tenure.
– The retirement age of the CJI is fixed at 65 years.
Main Functions and Responsibilities:
– Leading the Supreme Court
– Forming Constitution Benches
– Participating in the appointment of judges under the collegium system
– Overseeing the administrative functions of the higher judiciary
– Advising the President on judicial appointments and transfers
– Playing a role when Parliament initiates impeachment proceedings
– The CJI is called the “Master of the Roster” in the Supreme Court – meaning he or she determines which case will go to which bench.
How can the CJI be removed?
– He or she can only be removed through the process of impeachment.
– This process is very difficult: a resolution must be passed by a special majority in both houses of Parliament. After this, the President can remove the CJI from office.
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